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Hidden Assumptions

Hidden or implicit assumptions are statements that are not explicitly formulated in an argument but are nevertheless necessary for the conclusion. They often form the "missing links" in a chain of argumentation.

Types of Hidden Assumptions​

  1. Unstated premises: Statements that are necessary for the validity of the argument but are not explicitly mentioned.

  2. Background assumptions: General beliefs or values that are taken for granted as self-evident.

  3. Definitional assumptions: Implicit definitions of terms used in the argument.

  4. Methodological assumptions: Prerequisites about the reliability of methods or sources.

Examples of Hidden Assumptions​

Example 1: "Maria bought a ring, so she will get married soon."

Hidden assumptions:

  • The ring is an engagement ring (not an ordinary jewelry ring).
  • Maria bought the ring for herself (not as a gift for someone else).
  • Buying an engagement ring means that a wedding is planned.
  • The wedding will take place in the near future.

Example 2: "This medicine was recommended by a doctor, so we should buy it."

Hidden assumptions:

  • Doctors always give the best medical recommendations.
  • The doctor's recommendation is based on medical criteria (not financial incentives).
  • The medicine is suitable for our specific case.
  • We can afford the medicine.

Identifying Hidden Assumptions​

To identify hidden assumptions, the following strategies can be helpful:

  1. Gap analysis: Identify "jumps" in the argumentation where intermediate steps are missing.

    • Question: "What additional information is needed to get from the premises to the conclusion?"

  2. Counterexample test: Try to construct scenarios where the premises are true but the conclusion is false.

    • Question: "Under what circumstances could the premises be true without the conclusion following?"

  3. Context analysis: Consider the cultural, social, or historical context of the argument.

    • Question: "What beliefs or values are taken for granted as self-evident in this context?"

  4. Concept analysis: Examine how key terms are used in the argument.

    • Question: "What definitions or meanings are presupposed for these terms?"

Significance for Critical Thinking​

Recognizing hidden assumptions is important for critical thinking for several reasons:

  1. It enables a more complete evaluation of arguments by considering all relevant premises.

  2. It helps uncover problematic or unfounded assumptions that can undermine the strength of an argument.

  3. It promotes a deeper understanding of the arguer's mindset and perspective.

  4. It enables more precise criticism by identifying exactly which assumptions are problematic.